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  • Opening the Window on Foreign Lobbying

    By Anupama Narayanswamy and Luke Rosiak, Sunlight Foundation and Jennifer LaFleur, ProPublica – August 18, 2009

    (…)

    A fight over independence

    The Western Sahara is an inhospitable patch of desert about the size of Colorado on Africa’s Atlantic coast, with a population of about 400,000, a GDP of only $900 million, and an economy based on nomadic herding, fishing and phosphorous mining. It is also one of the last colonies in the world — Morocco annexed it a few years after Spain granted it independence in 1975 — and the subject of 34 U.N. Security Council resolutions on the territory since 1999.

    In late 2007 and 2008, the desert region was a top priority for Morocco’s hired lobbyists. At issue was Western Sahara’s autonomy, but the story also shows how, in a foreign lobbying arms race, the side with the biggest arsenal can come out on top.

    The government of Morocco sought the support of Congress in this lengthy territorial dispute. The region has long demanded independence. An indigenous insurgent group, the Polisario Front, waged a guerrilla war against the Moroccan military until the United Nations brokered a cease-fire in 1991.

    Part of the terms of that deal included holding a referendum to determine the territory’s final status, but no vote has been held. In 2007, Morocco issued a proposal to grant Western Sahara autonomy within sovereign Morocco. The U.S. initially welcomed the proposal, and direct talks began between Morocco and the Polisario with the involvement of Algeria, which supports self-determination for the Sahrawi tribes from the area.

    Toby Moffett, a lobbyist for Morocco who served as a Democratic congressman from Connecticut in the 1970s and ’80s, wrote an op-ed for the April 8, 2007, edition of The Los Angeles Times,explaininghow he presented Morocco’s position to an unnamed member of Congress: “Morocco has a good story to tell,” he wrote. “It believes that the long-standing dispute with Algeria and the rebel Polisario group over the Western Sahara must be resolved.

    “We tell the congresswoman and her staff that the region is becoming a possible Al Qaeda training area,” he wrote. “Algeria and the Polisario recently hired lobbyists, too, so we’ll have our hands full.”

    Indeed, records show the Algerian government’s lobbyists had 36 contacts with members of Congress and staff promoting self-determination for the people of Western Sahara. The Algerians paid a modest $416,000 in lobbying fees.

    By comparison, lobbyists for the government of Morocco had 305 contacts with members of Congress and their staff. Morocco paid $3.4 million in lobbying expenses — putting it among the top foreign government spenders for FARA filings in the period.

    The intense campaign won converts. A bipartisan group of some 173 House members signed on to a statement supporting Morocco’s offer of autonomy for the region without formal independence. President Bush also expressed support for Morocco’s plan in summer of 2008. And this April, 229 representatives sent a letter to President Obama urging him to back Morocco.

    Until Obama reversed Bush’s stance last month, Morocco’s investment worked. (…)

  • Maroc : Recherche d’un nouveau « rempart »

    Le Rif est une de ces contrées escarpées du Maroc qu’aucun pouvoir n’a réussi à soumettre. Réfractaire à toute autorité centrale, le Rif a de tout temps fait honneur à sa réputation de bastion de la résistance.

    Le Rif, peuplé par les grandes confédérations des tribus berbères du Moyen Atlas, n’a de cesse de donner du fil à retordre aussi bien au Makhzen qu’aux envahisseurs espagnols et français. Non sans subir à chaque fois leurs châtiments les plus barbares. Les plus récents sont l’œuvre de la monarchie alaouite. En 1984, plusieurs villes du Nord (Tétouan, Nador, Al Hoceima, Tanger, etc) feront les frais d’une répression à grande échelle. Entre 1956 et 1959, le prince Moulay Hassan (futur Hassan II) prendra lui-même la tête d’une expédition punitive contre les rebelles rifains, les « Apaches » comme il les désignait à l’époque. La révolte « républicaine » des Rifains, née des purges opérées au lendemain de l’indépendance en 1956 par le parti de l’Istiqlal contre les membres de l’Armée de libération nationale (ALN) est écrasée dans le sang. Le roi donnera l’ordre de bombarder au napalm les villages et les souks des insurgés rifains. Le massacre fera entre 5000 et 8000 morts, selon les données compilées par l’Instance Equité et Réconciliation, en 2005.

    Dans l’espoir de tourner cette page noire du régime, au lendemain de son intronisation, en juillet 1999, le roi Mohammed VI avait consacré son premier déplacement aux « provinces du Nord » pour faire oublier l’idéal incarné dans les années 1920 par Abdelkrim Al Khettabi, fondateur de la République du Rif. Mais les prétentions autonomistes (ou séparatistes) du Rif font toujours trembler le trône alaouite. Le Parti Démocratique Amazigh Marocain, PDAM, a tenu son Congrès constitutif le 31 juillet 2005 et a déposé son dossier auprès de la Wilaya de Rabat le 10/08/05. Le Ministère de l’Intérieur a déposé, le 06/08/2007, à la veille des élections législatives, une plainte auprès du Tribunal Administratif de Rabat pour la dissolution de ce parti. Ce dernier a décidé d’annuler la constitution du PDAM jugé en situation illégale. La décision du tribunal repose sur les dispositions de l’article 4 de la loi sur les partis qui considère comme « nulle et de nul effet » toute constitution de formation politique fondée sur une cause ou en vue d’un objet contraire à la Constitution ou sur une base religieuse, linguistique et ethnique. Chakib Ben Moussa, a déclaré que le PDAM est un parti « illégal et raciste », et que ce genre de parti n’est pas acceptable selon les lois Marocaines. Il a utilisé tous les moyens pour interdire la constitution du PDAM. Ses autorités ont refusé de donner les récépissés aux sections du PDAM partout au Maroc. Ils ont attaqué ses membres à Tiznit après l’interdiction de la conférence de M. Adgherni. Ils ont interdit le congrès national du PDAM à Marrakech. Ce qui signifie que l’action de M. Ben Moussa est une action envers les Imazighens et leurs droits de constituer des partis politiques surtout après la déclaration historique du PDAM demandant le boycot des dernières élections.

    Malgré l’interdiction des partis identitaires, des nombreuses associations amazighes occupent le terrain politique et prêchent lors de meetings, marches imposantes et séminaires, les vertus de l’autonomie. Surtout que la conjoncture s’y prête. Les militants pour l’autonomie du Rif prennent au mot le roi Mohammed VI, qui proposait dans sa tablette des réformes territoriales une « régionalisation avancée » pour les provinces du Maroc et le statut d’autonomie pour le Sahara occidental.

    Les militants du mouvement amazigh sont convaincus de la justesse de la revendication autonomiste. Les raisons sont d’abord économiques : Chômage, drogue, contrebande, répression policière… Le quotidien des Rifains est loin d’être enviable.

    Récemment, le 24 juin 2009, Chakib Khayari, le militant associatif et président de l’Association Rif des Droits de l’Homme emprisonné depuis le 18 février, a été condamné à 3 ans de prison, et 735.000 Dhs d’amende. Il était poursuivi pour « atteinte à corps constitués, infraction au code des changes et dépôt de fonds dans une banque étrangère sans autorisation ». Il avait « surtout discrédité les efforts déployés par l’état dans la lutte anti-drogue ».

    Cependant, il y a une association récemment créée qui bénéficie, curieusement, des faveurs du palais: L’Association Souss Alaalima pour l’Amitié entre Juifs et Amazighs. Ses preparatifs ont commencé en 2007 et son congrès constitutif célébré le 24 juillet 2009 avec la participation de plusieurs acteurs de la société civile au Maroc. Son but: renforcer les liens d’amitié et de coopération existants entre les amazighs et les Juifs. D’après l’un des initiateurs de ce projet, Boubaker Oudaadid, un enseignant de langue allemande vivant à Casablanca, le principal objectif de cette Association judéo-berbère sera de “lutter contre l’antisémitisme régnant au Maroc et développer la culture amazighe chez les Juifs berbères résidant en Israël”.

    Dans une interview avec Al Jazeera TV, le Secrétaire général du PDAM interdit, Ahmed Dgharni, a déclaré qu’il « ne voit aucun motif qui pourrait empêcher de normaliser les relations avec Israël ». D’autre part, l’Activiste Amazigh Abdellah Oubari de l’Association Souss Al Alima voit que la création d’une association juive amazigh est un accomplissement de l’appel des Etats-Unis aux pays islamiques pour normaliser leurs relations avec Israël et insiste pour que le Maroc le fasse.

    La date des préparatifs de cette association, début 2007, dit long sur le but de sa création qui a dû attendre 2009 pour sortir à la lumière.

    En 2007, selon RITIMO, un réseau d’information pour le développement et la solidarité internationale, c’était le dernier rebondissement de la diplomatie marocaine qui a été provoqué par la nouvelle du projet américain de mettre en place un Commandement Militaire Unifié pour l’Afrique (Africom). Voulu par G. Bush, Africom devrait constituer le rempart contre les groupes terroristes qui commencent à inquiéter les intérêts américains dans le continent africain. Les responsables militaires ont déjà pressenti plusieurs pays pour y installer Africom, ce qui suppose des centaines de soldats et des installations militaires. Certains pays, tels l’Algérie et l’Afrique du Sud, ont refusé catégoriquement alors que, selon des sources américaines, le Maroc se serait porté volontaire contre un soutien au plan marocain pour le Sahara Occidental. Mais Bush, à la fin de son mandat ne pouvait pas accepter une telle demande.

    La Guerre Froide finie, la guerre de Bush contre le terrorisme discréditée, le Maroc n’est plus un rempart ni contre le communisme ni contre le terrorisme. Il s’avère vital de trouver une autre couverture pour attirer le soutien américain à l’autonomie marocaine. L’échec de l’idée de l’Africom a poussé les autorités marocaines à penser à d’autres « offres » : « Le Maroc rempart contre le courant chiîte et le Chavisme vénézuélien ». De là, la décision de rompre les relations diplomatiques avec ces deux pays. La création de cette nouvelle association amazigho-juive vient dans le contexte de cette aproche destinée à renvoyer l’image d’un Maroc capable de jouer un rôle trascendental dans le conflit arabo-israélien.

    La missive adressée par Barack Obama au roi Mohamed VI indique clairement que le nouveau locataire de la Maison Blanche tourne le dos à la politique traditionnelle de son pays dans le dossier du Sahara occidental.

    Le seul soutien qui reste au Maroc sont les lobbys juifs qui devront s’activer dans les prochains jours à Washington dans le but de forcer la main à l’administration d’Obama dans l’affaire du Sahara Occidental. La nouvelle association devrait s’activer dans ce but, surtout si on tient compte que les militants amazighs ont peu de sympathie pour le Front Polisario et les sahraouis qu’ils considèrent comme des amazighs renégats.

    Les militants amazighs ne doivent pas se laisser emballer par cette association. Une fois son but atteint, la répression contre le courant amazigh reprendra de nouveau et, comme d’habitude, sans pitié.

  • Sous la plage… les pavés

    – Le Maroc est un pays sûr pour le monde occidental, encadré par les États-unis et la France

    – Les lois « sécuritaires » pour satisfaire et rassurer les touristes
    – Le « Maroc démocratique et heureux » vendu par les lobbies

    – Le Maroc : relais pour la CIA avec « délocalisation » de la torture
    – Relais de l’Europe forteresse : « chasse à l’homme », camp de regroupement

    A la suite des attentats islamistes commis à Casablanca en mai 2003, les États-unis font pression sur le Maroc pour qu’il continue, voire accélère le processus démocratique initié au début du règne, mais aussi pour qu’il prenne en même temps sa place dans le nouvel ordre antiterroriste sous la houlette des États-unis engagés dans la « guerre » contre le terrorisme islamiste. Le Maroc avait déjà donné des gages de bonne collaboration en acceptant que les avions de la CIA déposent sur son sol, pour des interrogatoires musclés, des prisonniers étrangers suspectés de terrorisme.

    Le Maroc ayant adopté des lois « sécuritaires » dans les semaines qui ont suivi les attentats, peut également être inclus dans le projet américain du « Grand Moyen Orient démocratique » qui comprend le Maghreb.
    L’attentat de Madrid en mars 2004, où sont impliqués plusieurs Marocains, contribue à resserrer les liens entre Espagne et Maroc. La coopération policière fonctionne également pour la traque aux migrants clandestins avec, côté marocain, une brutalité dénoncée par de nombreuses ONG de défense des droits de l’Homme. Dans le cadre de l’Europe forteresse, des camps ont été installés aux frontières du Maroc.

    Aujourd’hui, malgré un lobbying effectué dans les ambassades en faveur du projet marocain d’autonomie du Sahara, la question n’est toujours pas réglée, le Maroc et l’Algérie continuent à camper pour l’essentiel sur leurs anciennes positions et se trouvent également en compétition dans leurs relations avec le pouvoir français.


    Mais si le Maroc dans cette compétition n’a pas l’atout du gaz algérien, il dispose d’autres cartes notamment le soutien des grands patrons français, amis de N. Sarkozy, dont les entreprises sont toujours implantées au Maroc (Bouygues, Accor, Dassault…) qui entretiennent des liens assurant la pérennité des relations traditionnelles France-Maroc. En outre, les réunions de travail régulières des années passées entre les sécuritaires marocains et le ministre français de l’intérieur N. Sarkozy ont conforté une bonne entente. Devenu président, ce dernier a mis en place une nouvelle cellule « Maroc » dont Brice Hortefeux, anciennement Consul de France au Maroc, et Rachida Dati constituent les piliers. Le Maroc, aujourd’hui comme sous Hassan II, peut compter sur un lobby d’artistes, de journalistes, de patrons de presse, qui continuera à diffuser à l’étranger une image d’un Maroc des mille et une nuits.

    Enfin, le dernier rebondissement de la diplomatie marocaine est provoqué par la nouvelle du projet américain de mettre en place un Commandement Militaire Unifié pour l’Afrique (Africom). Voulu par G. Bush, Africom devrait constituer le rempart contre les groupes terroristes qui commencent à inquiéter les intérêts américains dans le continent africain. Les responsables militaires ont déjà pressenti plusieurs pays pour y installer Africom, ce qui suppose des centaines de soldats et des installations militaires. Certains pays, tels l’Algérie et l’Afrique du Sud, ont refusé catégoriquement alors que, selon des sources américaines, le Maroc se serait porté volontaire contre un soutien au plan marocain pour le Sahara. Mais il est encore trop tôt pour discerner les orientations du nouveau président des États-Unis.

    © Ritimo, CIIP, avril 2009

  • Negotiating in itself isn’t a purpose

    It is two years since U.N. Security Council has ordered direct talks between Morocco and Polisario Front In an atmosphere which the watchword is realpolitik. The first question of many is “what is realpolitik?”

    The answer is soon clear. Break of international law and U.N. decisions in circumstances inconvenient to France and Morocco, would be realpolitik.

    United Nations, where issues are more and more set in the context of “negotiations” that are manifestly not about applying international law, but rather about twisting the elbows of the victims so that they acquiesce in their own dispossession.

    The U.N. have stressed bilateral negotiations. In Western Sahara the dispossessed, saharawis, are put in the position of someone whose house has been stolen and who has been offered the chance to discuss the possibility of cleaning it once a week while leaving the thieves in full occupation.

    With their customary diplomacy, Emhamed Khadad, Polisario coodinator with the MINURSO, deplores the static Moroccan position over his autonomy plan despite the thousands of hours invested in talks about talks, negotiating pre-negotiations and pre-negotiating negotiations.

    In Western Sahara, all hopes have been placed on what UN call « informal talks » between the parties taking place in Austria, on the outskirts of Vienna. Ross said that the discussions took place in an atmosphere of serious engagement, frankness and mutual respect. He added that the parties, Morocco and the Frente Polisario, reiterated their commitment to continue their negotiations as soon as possible, and that he would fix the date and place of the next meeting in consultation with them. The Special Envoy added that delegations from the neighboring States, Algeria and Mauritania, were also present at the opening and closing sessions and were consulted separately during the discussions. All these good words mean that no progress is registered in the talks.

    The reasons have been defined par UNSG Ban Ki-moon two years ago in his report to UN Security Council : « As a result, the parties did, indeed, express their views and even interacted with one another, but they mainly did so by rejecting the views of the other party, and there was hardly any exchange that could in earnest be characterized as negotiations. We now risk entering a protracted stage of negotiations and status quo” on Western Sahara, with more direction needed from the Security Council before any substantive negotiations can begin. »

    Two years after we remain in the same place because since a long time the Secretary-General, let alone any of the major powers, have not called upon Morocco to honor U.N. resolutions—and its own promises—by accepting the referendum that is now more than 34 years overdue.

    The Web site for MINURSO, the peacekeeping operation which was supposed to superintend the referendum, and which has been sunning itself in the desert for 18 years, does not even mention the Security Council resolutions condemning the Moroccan occupation, let alone the International Court of Justice ruling—that Morocco had actually asked for—which reaffirmed the right of the people of Western Sahara to self-determination and dismissed the king’s claims to sovereignty.

    Currently France has been joined by Spain in forcing POLISARIO Front, the Saharwi representatives, to succumb to Moroccan pressure. Sadly, the two powers are meeting with decreasing resistance from other, mostly smaller countries with an atavistic attachment to legality. The U.N. Secretariat, which one might expect—or at least hope—to stand up for the U.N. Charter and international law, remains silent, and in some cases even connives at this abuse.

  • The sahrawi women have a lot of hope on the recent talks

    The Saharawi Women and the great majority of the people of Western Sahara have a lot of hope in the very Peace-Talks that has taken place in the Austrian city of Duernstein between the two belligerant in the conflict of the last colony in the african continent: Morocco and POLISARO Front (liberation movement recognized all over the world as thesole representative of the people of Western Sahara).
    Polisario Front and Morocco have agreed to the publication of statement, read to the press by Christopher Ross concluding the meeting between the two parties in the Austrian town of Duernstein, on August 10 and 11, that the Polisario Front and Morocco have renewed their determination to continue negotiations as soon as possible.The discussions took place only between the delegations of Polisario Front and Morocco and covered the assessment of rounds of negotiations in Manhasset, how to implement resolution 1871 of the Security Council and confidence measures, which are fundamental issue of human rights.

    These discussions took place in « an atmosphere of sincere commitment, openness and mutual respect », according to the statement.
    Both parties in conflict, the Polisario Front and Morocco reiterated their determination to continue negotiations as soon as possible, and the personal Envoy will fix the date and venue of the next meeting in consultation with the parties, the same source added.

    Delegations of neighbouring countries, Algeria and Mauritania, were also present at the opening and closing sessions and were consulted separately during the talks.
    Following these meetings, the United Nations Secretary General Personal Envoy, Mr. Christopher Ross and delegations would like to thank the Government of the Republic of Austria for its generous hospitality.
    The british newspaper « The Guardian » has just published a very interesting article written by the Saharawi Leader, Emhamed Khaddad. Under the tittle of « We seek no revenge – only Peace » the also Saharawi Coordinator with MINURSO says in his article:
    The people of Western Sahara stand prepared to engage with Morocco and to enter open discussions about our joint future.A new round of talks between the kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front of Western Sahara are under way in Vienna, Austria. These talks, characterised as informal by the personal envoy of the UN secretary general, Christopher Ross, are the latest attempt to bring peace and security to Western Sahara and to the wider Maghreb region.
    We enter them with an unwavering and genuine commitment to finding a just, mutually acceptable and democratic solution. Will our Moroccan counterparts adopt the same approach?In every circumstance, peace comes at a cost. Somehow, somewhere, there must be a compromise and someone, generally everyone, must be prepared to search for common ground and to yield to the higher ideals found there. For the people of Western Sahara, the price of peace is high. We have been occupied for over three decades, following an illegal annexation by the Moroccan kingdom. We have seen our natural resources become unethical trade boons to the Moroccan economy while our people languish in refugee camps, unable, or too afraid, to return home.Yet, rather than seek to exercise a sense of revenge or frustration, we stand prepared to engage with Morocco and to enter open discussions about our joint future. This is long-established policy. In our statement to the UN security council in 2007, we stated we would guarantee « the rights and obligations of the Moroccan population in Western Sahara ». We also put on the public record that our readiness « to participate with Morocco and the countries of the region in the maintenance of peace, stability and security for the whole region.
    « The people of Western Sahara remain committed to the self-determination process initiated by the UN nearly 50 years ago, and have backed ever since via various resolutions and statements. For instance, we recall the security council resolved in 2002 to express « its readiness to consider any approach which provides for self-determination ». It is not clear how or where Morocco’s proposal for autonomy within the Moroccan state fits in with this basic agenda.
    A unilateral solution to a three-decade-long conflict, as is proposed by Morocco, is not only farcical, it is an option the community of democratic nations cannot countenance.The people of Western Sahara have been clear that we are willing to work with the Moroccan monarchy and will act without recrimination in relation to Moroccans now living in Western Sahara. We are aware we do not choose our neighbours and so we are destined to share a border. This is a form of realpolitik that makes sense at all levels. We do not seek any victories over Morocco, we only seek parity. We aim to co-operate in economic and security matters, as any decent neighbour would be expected to do.For Morocco, the benefits of good relations with a free and democratic Western Sahara are immense.
    The massive costs of its military occupation have been estimated at 3% of Morocco’s GDP. Analysts suggest the military costs in keeping some 150,000 troops in the occupied territories alone is over $153bn (£92.3bn) since 1975, or around $12m (£7.2m) for every day it has occupied Western Sahara. As a result of this extraordinary outlay, Morocco has the world’s fifth highest proportional spend on its military. Moreover, the long-touted Maghreb union, which has faltered for decades on the back of the Western Saharan dispute, would at last be free of this considerable obstacle to better relations.
    Quite apart from the damaging moral position Morocco maintains in Western Sahara, ending this money drain must surely be a priority for Rabat and its often impoverished people, as must the prospect of awakening the sleeping giant of North African economic unity. The UN’s way is the only way forward. A referendum on self-determination, a fundamental mechanism for all UN-mandated colonies – as Western Sahara is – is the only viable means of engendering anything like a sustainable common ground. The future of the Sahrawi people must be in their own hands, not in any institution and it is certainly not the right of an invading power, maintaining an illegal and unjust regime.
    As we enter these talks we favour the open-palm approach of US president Barack Obama. We are willing to pay the price of peace as an investment in our future. That is our stated agenda going into the Vienna talks. The people of Western Sahara deserve nothing less from us, for it is peace and freedom we crave most of all.

  • Arrestation d’un militant des DH

    Communiqué de l’ASVDH

    Les Autorités marocaines ont arrêté vendredi soir 14/08/2009 vers 22.00 le défenseur des droits de l’homme et coprésident du Comité pour le Respect des Libertés et des Droits humains au Sahara occidental (CORELSO) Mr Naama Asfari au poste de contrôle au nord de la ville de Tan Tan DANS sud du Maroc. Dans un entretien téléphonique avec l’ASVDH Mme Claude Mangin L’épouse de Mr. Naama a indiqué que des traces de coups sur son corps sont visibles et ses lunettes brisées. Et qu’il va être présenté demain samedi 15/08/2009 devant le procureur du roi au tribunal de première instance vers 12.00 sans savoir les charges retenues contre lui. L’ASVDH craint que l’agression contre Mr Asfari s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une vengence contre ses positions politiques et ses activités en tant que militant des droits de l’homme. En particulier que le chef de la sécurité de la ville, Mustafa Kamour est un des officiers impliqués dans une série de violations contre des dizaines de citoyens Sahraouis a la ville de El-Aaiun (Sahara Occidental)

  • How UN can provoke terrorism!!

    UN Secretary-General Envoy, Christopher Ross, is working on his own plan to resolve the thirty-four-year-old Western Sahara conflict. The details of the plan have not yet been released. He has made no secret of his desire to shake things up in the Sahara to unsettle the diplomatic war of attrition being waged by Moroccoand the Front Polisario.

    The major question facing Ross is the Western Saharans’ right of self-determination, which vexed the previous mediators, James Baker, the former US secretary of state. Morocco officially rejected the 2003 Baker plan because it contained the option of independence after the 5 year autonomy period, saying that its « territorial integrity » will not be put to a vote. The Polisario reject anything that doesn’t contain an independence option, which they claim is a part of self-determination. Under the 2003 Baker plan, the majority Moroccan settlers (120,000 versus 110,000 indigenous Saharans) would be allowed to vote, which should have resolved the « voter eligibility » issues for Morocco. So Morocco’s real problem is that it doesn’t even trust its own settlers to vote for integration. In a country where at least 75% of the population wants to emigrate, Rabat’s fears are probably well founded.

    Even if the MINURSO can not carry out its mandate, some UN presence in the territory is nencessary. But from Polisario perspective, MINURSO’s peacekeepers now acts as a kind of buffer between them and Morocco. The presence of the UN also creates a false impression that there is at least something going on diplomatically, when, in reality, the negociations, since, 2000, gave nothing. With that kinf political cover, Morocco is able to fortify its occupation, right under the nose of the UN. This is why Morocco supports MINURSO and Polisario doesn’t. The UN hasn’t been able to anything for Polisario in 18 years, and diplomatic progress has been negative since 2004, year of departure of James Baker.

    Minurso is far from perfect from Rabat’s point of view, since it keeps the Settlement Plan (and the prospect of a referendum) on the table, but for years it has done little more than provide cover for Morocco’s continued occupation, exploitation, fortification, demographic Moroccanization, and generally helping out in its facts-on-the-ground strategy. Also, the frozen no war/no peace situation is seriously wearing down the Polisario morally (among members), politically (no war = no media attention) and militarily.

    That is indeed a very comfortable place to be in for Morocco, and only two things could really change Morocco’s interest in keeping Minurso: either Morocco deciding to go for the kill and finalize the issue legally, or Polisario causing enough fuss in the occupied territories to make the status quo so unpleasant for Morocco that it no longer brings the stability that France and European Union wants.

    Moroccans and their supporters, mainly France and Spain, think MINURSO acts as a kind of deterrent keeping Polisario from fighting. The common refrain from Paris, Washington and Madrid is that MINURSO is a « stabilizing force » in the region. Morocco doesn’t want to be the one who appears to be kicking MINURSO out.

    So, MINURSO helps justify the status quo through its cease-fire monitoring. Morocco thinks the status quo is in its favor. While Polisario sits and rots in Tindouf, Morocco is busy looking for oil, plundering the fish, and constantly investing in the territory.

    Since morocco has spent 18 years systematically breaking one clause of the cease-fire agreement after another (right on from not redeploying its troops, to refusing opening the wall for population, to turning away from two separate UN-ordered peace plans, and finally refusing even the concept of a referendum), there’s no need to look for a casus belli: Morocco has consciously and openly destroyed the cease-fire terms in what was always a formal state of war.

    Polisario Front needs war, and would gain tremendously from it. The cease-fire has been gutted of the referendum, foreign aid is decreasing due to lack of media attention, and what’s left for the refugees is no homeland, but death from malnutrition.

    Polisario still constantly training out there in the liberated zones, teaching a whole new generations how to fight and they still have the will to fight, which is the most important thing for guerilla warfare.

    If war hits again, it won’t be the polisario’s fault, of course (they’ve been warning for several years that they couldn’t keep the lid on this), but they will certainly be blamed for it.


    Of course, the tragedy is that terrorism could actually work, where lawful war, peaceful protest, international legality and democractic activism have all been derailed by western and arab support for Morocco. So far, Polisario has met nothing but indifference and scorn from the US and Europe, while they heap attention on anyone prepared to blow up an airliner or massacre civilians.

    It’s getting to the point where you can’t tell if it’s just normal hypocrisy or a conscious effort to provoke terrorism.

  • Ephémérides du 14 août


    Le 5 août 1979, la Mauritanie et le Polisario décidaient « de signer entre eux une paix définitive ». La première déclarait qu’elle n’avait et n’aurait « pas de revendications territoriales ou autres sur le Sahara Occidental » et le second faisait la même déclaration concernant la Mauritanie. Celle-ci décidait « de sortir définitivement de la guerre injuste du Sahara Occidental suivant les modalités arrêtées » avec le Polisario.

    Dès le 9 août, Hassan II ordonna le retrait des troupes marocaines de la Mauritanie, où se trouvaient encore 6000 soldats, surtout dans la région minière de Zouérate, mais non de la zone mauritanienne du Sahara, alors qu’il y avait à Dakhla 1500 hommes avec des blindés et des avions. Au contraire, avec les troupes retirées de Mauritanie, le Maroc renforça son dispositif militaire au Sahara Occidental, qu’il comptait occuper tout entier.

    Le 10 août, le Premier Ministre mauritanien se rendit aussi à Rabat, avec quatre de ses ministres, et il rencontra Hassan II pour lui expliquer les raisons de l’accord avec le Polisario. Mais cette visite fut marquée par un sérieux incident diplomatique. En effet, un ancien membre du CMSN et du gouvernement mauritanien, le lieutenant-colonel Mohamed Ould Ba ould Abdelkader, qui avait formé un mouvement d’opposition – le Front Islamique et démocratique de Mauritanie, appelé aussi le Front des Officiers Libres, donna une conférence de presse à Rabat, où il exprimait son hostilité à l’accord d’Alger et demandait la démission du gouvernement mauritanien. A l’évidence, cette conférence avait été encouragée par le Maroc, qui escomptait un changement de régime à Nouakchott.

    Le roi Hassan II, dans son discours du 14 août 1979, qui considérait jusque-là le Polisario comme une création de l’Algérie, modifia, d’une manière surprenante son interprétation sur la nature de ce mouvement. Il assimilait les guérilleros à des Mauritaniens dans leur écrasante majorité et les invitait à retourner dans leur pays, la Mauritanie, qui avait besoin d’eux. De même, dans une conférence de presse tenue à Fès le 19 août, il affirma que le Polisario était un « mouvement mauritanien » et que, s’il prenait le pouvoir à Nouakchott, le Maroc n’interviendrait pas dans cette « affaire interne ». Ces propos n’étaient nullement fondés, malgré les ressemblances et les liens entre sahraouis et mauritaniens, mais ils reflétaient le refus de voir la réalité et étaient de nature à inquiéter la Mauritanie.

    Depuis, le Maroc n’a jamais résisté à la tentation de se mêler des affaires intérieures de la Mauritanie et a fait tout le possible pour déstabiliser ses gouvernements.

    Le retrait de la Mauritanie changeait profondément les données du problème et entraînait deux sortes de conséquences : d’une part, il laissait face-à-face le Maroc et le Pölisario, qui pouvait désormais concentrer toutes ses forces contre un seul adversaire ; d’autre part, il privait le Maroc d’une caution fort utile sur le plan international et portait un grave coup à la légitimité d’une entreprise déjà très contestée. C’est pourquoi les combats devraient s’intensifier sur le terrain, tandis que la cause sahraouie trouvait un soutien plus large sur le plan international.

    Un an plus tard, la guerre du Sahara Occidental connaîtra le début de la construction, par le Maroc, de murs de défense, destinés à contrer les attaques du Polisario. Les sahraouis les appelleront les murs de la honte.

  • Before a long, long time ago…


    Before a long, long time ago, as they say in fairy tales, the U.N. Security Council agreed to organize a referendum in which the Saharan people would be asked if they want independence, or some kind of association with Morocco. A peacekeeping mission was established, and a census was taken of those who should be allowed to vote. Of course, by knowing who will be registered, it would be possible to know which way this vote would go. Morocco tried to pack the voters list, and tied up the and appeals system with challenges. Everything has been stuck for years. MINURSO entered Western Sahara in 1991 with three objectives – to secure the peace treaty between Moroccan forces and Western Saharan rebels, to find out who was eligible to vote in a referendum on the matter of independence for Western Sahara, and then to carry out the referendum. So far, in 18 years, they are still on objective one.

    Morocco’s King Mohammad VI, like his father Hassan II, says that it is unimaginable that Morocco could lose the Western Sahara and claims that the prestige, if not the future, of the regime is pinned on this position. A unanimity that has been manufactured by the state and this state could manufacture a consensus in favour of self-determination or even independence.


    Polisario’s position is more flexible than Morocco’s, as they at least entertain all possibilities – an independent Western Sahara, a semi-autonomous Western Sahara as part of Morocco, or complete integration of Western Sahara as part of Morocco. Morocco is only prepared to consider the last two options. So Morocco is the problem – the party that is blocking a solution through a lack of flexibility and a narrow, orwellian interpretation of the UN requirement for self determination. Morocco has set a precondition that states that complete freedom of self-determination is not on offer, because it will not allow it. Morocco insists that the forcible occupation and annexation of one territory by a neighbouring country is compatible with the principle of self-determination

    Truth not balance, and a referendum on self determination. That’s what it’s about. Not weasel words about how occupation and oppression can be compatible with self determination.

    The question remains: Will the current negotiations be able to end Africa’s longest running territorial dispute?

    Morocco is certainly unlikely to endorse a solution based on independence for Western Sahara under current circumstances. Morocco wants to grant no more than large autonomy under its sovereignty and has a vested interest in maintaining the status quo.

    So, it is uncertain that the talks will yield any results. This business of “without pre-conditions” simply seems to mean forget what the UN Security Council previously endorsed, which is a referendum in which Sahrawis would vote to decide if they want independence, or integration with Morocco.

    Now, the international community as represented in,or by, the UN Security Council is saying « forget it, that didn’t work, you’ve cost us a lot of time and money (in peace-keeping missions, diplomatic meetings, and whatever) so the time has come to be realistic, and what you will get to vote on is just whether or not you’ll agree to autonomy within the Kingdom of Morocco ». That’s it.

    By the way, this diplomatic “realism” didn’t start with the U.S. It started with UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar, a royalist if ever there was one, who was on quite good terms with King Hassan of Morocco, who began floating this proposal to just forget the referendum the UN Security Council had authorized, and work on “negotiations” to persuade the Polisario to agree to the autonomy proposal that Morocco had always wanted.

    The Moroccan supporters’ willingness to consistently reframe the conflict has been made painfully apparent. While the Polisario Front has argued one consistent theme since 1975 – a free and fair referendum for the self-determination of the Saharawi people, as endorsed by the UN Security Council and General Assembly – Morocco has reached into its bottomless arsenal of arguments to try to win over the support of the powerful Western nations.

    It is clear that sponsorship, in the past, of the Moroccan position by France and US is the key to Morocco’s continued military effort against POLISARIO as well as its capacity to block any UN action by ensuring that, under the threat of veto, the Security Council will not make any peace proposal enforceable upon Morocco in its breach of UN self-determination processes and its effective conquest of the territory.

    It is very sad that France, with its motto of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” is not able to offer its support to end the Africa’s older conflict.

    In the meantime, hundreds of thousands of Saharawi refugees live in shameful conditions in the Tindouf camps with little prospect of change. The diplomatic community expresses its sympathy for the plight of the Saharawis, but is not prepared to take action.

    It would be wrong to overestimate the possibilities of a peaceful solution to the conflict in the near future, in such circumstances, but it would be equally mistaken to dismiss the determination of the Saharawi to get their rights, even by the weapons.

  • Western Sahara poser for the UN


    Morocco serves as the backdrop for such Hollywood blockbusters as Gladiator, Black Hawk Down and Body of Lies. The country’s breathtaking landscapes and gritty urban neighbourhoods are the perfect setting for Hollywood’s imagination.

    Unbeknown to most filmgoers, however, is that Morocco is embroiled in one of Africa’s oldest conflicts – the dispute over Western Sahara. This month the UN Security Council is expected to take up the dispute once more, providing US President Barack Obama with an opportunity to assert genuine leadership in resolving this conflict. But there’s no sign that the new administration is paying adequate attention.

    The story of Western Sahara would make quite a movie. There was high diplomatic intrigue when Moroccan troops occupied the territory, after Spain abandoned its long-time colony as Generalissimo Franco lay dying in 1975. The subsequent war between Morocco and the Algerian-supported Polisario Front, which sought Western Saharan independence, furnished plenty of action sequences in the desert. There is also the real human tragedy of the Western Saharan refugees, who have languished in exile for more than three decades.

    In 1991, the Security Council created the UN mission in Western Sahara, MINURSO, whose mandate has been ritually reauthorized ever since. MINURSO’s original task was to organise a referendum in Western Sahara in which the residents would vote up or down on self-determination. Morocco, on the other hand, lobbied that tens of thousands of Moroccans be counted, a demand that Polisario resisted.

    It was not until 1997, when former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan called in former US Secretary of State James Baker as envoy that the debate got unstuck. However, the deadlock ensued once more in 1999 when Morocco’s new king, Mohammed VI, dropped all support for a referendum. Baker resigned – in part due to the (at best) weak support of the Security Council for his mandate.

    Morocco’s latest stance is that Rabat share power in Western Sahara with indigenous groups. An autonomy proposal Morocco advanced in 2007 is in fact a credible starting point for negotiations aimed at a power sharing agreement. But Polisario will not discuss power sharing until Morocco recommits to a referendum on self-determination.

    It has long been assumed in Western capitals that the Western Sahara question will be resolved through power sharing, but such a solution cannot simply be imposed. Only a negotiated settlement can bring about comprehensive peace.

    But the UN does not push effectively for negotiations. Indeed, in rolling over MINURSO’s mandate year after year, the Security Council seems to hope that one party or the other will give in – an attitude that favours the more powerful actor, Morocco, a state that is closely allied with Security Council members France and the US.

    The last thing the world needs is more de facto partisanship from the ostensibly neutral Security Council. Peace in Western Sahara will require that both Morocco and Polisario accept something they do not like. Polisario must accept that the achievement of a comprehensive power sharing agreement with Morocco is a prerequisite for a referendum. Morocco, on the other hand, must commit to a self-determination referendum as a necessary condition for power sharing talks. How to cut the Gordian knot?

    The new man in charge of MINURSO is Christopher Ross, former US ambassador to Algeria and Syria. Ross can boast of fluency in Arabic and an extensive background in North African affairs.

    Instead of waiting for conditions to ripen, the new envoy should, at the next round of negotiations, secure the commitment of the parties – in writing – to a strong Security Council resolution calling for both a negotiated political solution and a referendum. This approach not only balances the interests of the parties but it also unblocks the mutual suspicion currently stalling talks.

    If one side or the other refuses to sign, the Security Council must be willing to wield the weapon of shame and name names. The Obama administration should back Ross to the hilt as enforcer of the UN’s writ.

    Western Sahara is not a problem of imagination that needs a Hollywood producer or two. It is problem of political will. With strong, consistent leadership from the US, inside and outside the Security Council, Morocco and the Polisario Front can be put on the right track toward peace.

    ¤Jacob Mundy is a PhD candidate in the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies at the University of Exeter. He is coauthor of the forthcoming Western Sahara: War, Nationalism and Conflict Irresolution.